Midsummer Night’s Dream Analysis Essay Example For Students

Midsummer Night’s Dream Analysis Essay Following a night of meandering through the forested areas, pursuing pixies, having variouspotions scoured over their eyes, falling all through adoration, and undermining eachothers lives and appendages, the four admirers of A Midsummer Nights Dream wake up inthe woodland to the trumpeting of horns and wind up encompassed bynobility. Its no big surprise they are confounded, and can't genuinely say .. . (IV.1.7) how they wound up where they are and what happened the nightbefore. Be that as it may, what they make certain about is the manner by which they feel towards each other. Regardless of whether its an adoration that has blurred, developed once more or been there up and down, the fourlovers have an assurance about who (m) they love that is as solid if notstronger than it is at some other point in the play. Lysander is the first of thefour lovers to respond to Theseus wonderment at their circumstance. He admitsthat I will answer amazedly,/Half rest, half waking. In any case, up 'til now, Iswear,/I can't really say how I came here. (IV.1.145-7). In this excerpt,Lysanders tone is naturally somewhat bewildered and uncertain, and his reaction islittered with vulnerability. This tone of awe is likewise present in thethoughts of Demetrius, Helena, and Hermia. Methinks I see these thingswith separated eye,/When everything appears to be twofold (IV.1.188-9) exclaimsHermia, and Helena concurs that So methinks.(IV.1.190). Demetrius isso dumbfounded that he thinks that its important to ask the others Are you surethat we are alert? I can't help suspecting/That yet w e rest, we dream.(IV.1.192-4). The basic tone all through this waking scene is one ofuneasiness and disarray among dreams and reality; yet the main time thelovers express genuine vulnerability is while they are sifting through what simply happenedin front of them including the Duke and his chasing party. Demetrius asks theothers Do not you think/The Duke was here, and offer us follow him?(IV.1.194-5), and just infers that Why, at that point, we are awake.(IV.1.197) subsequent to accepting affirmation from the others. In any case, this tone ofuncertainty blurs when the four discussion about their actual loves. Demetrius admitsthat I wot know by what power . . . (IV.1.163) that his adoration forHermia has Melted as the snow . . .(IV.1.165), yet he is certain thatThe object and the joy of mine eye,/is just Helena.(IV.1.169-70). Lysander and Hermia dont even allude to their adoration as anytimebeing in doubttheir disarray again just relates whatever is happeningpresently; what Hermia se es as though out of center, with separated eye .. . (IV.1.188). While it would take an entire other paper to discuss whether ornot Demetrius is extremely enamored with Helena in his medicated state, she at leastis persuaded of his adoration. In the forested areas, Helena was certain that Demetrius promises ofadoration were to hate her, and even as he professed to cherish her, she lamentedWherefore talks he this/To her he detests? (III.2.227-8). Yet, thenext morning, she respects his pledges with less uncertainty, and rather reflects thatshe has Found Demetrius, similar to a gem/Mine own and not mineown.(IV.1.190). She recognizes that Demetrius was lost to her own at onepoint, yet more significantly she presently realizes that he is found. Helenas newacceptance of Demetrius love could be on the grounds that his promises are substantially more concretethan they were in the forested areas. There Demetrius announced his affection through claimsof deference and excessive admiration; utilizing turn expressions of artists without genuine p rofundity, likewhen he stirs and out of nowhere pronounces Helena to be a goddess,nymph, great, divine . . . (III.2.137). Toward the beginning of the day his declarationscarry a quality of more explanation, and spotlight not on void catchphrases of excellence andpassion. Rather, Demetrius proclaims more what he feels, saying Now I dowish for Helenas love, love it, long for it,/And will for evermore be trueto it.(IV.1.174-5). His sentiments of adoration are currently increasingly certain andconfident, along these lines he can communicate them with language progressively concrete.

Infp Personality free essay sample

As an INFP, I acknowledge advancement and innovation in my work and all out imaginative control in my activities. I lean toward not to utilize generic rationale so much and want to concentrate more on something individual like music or workmanship. My character type has elevated expectations and appears to possibly be upbeat when it feels it’s having any kind of effect and is recognized for it. The contemplative inclination in my own life is exhibited effectively in my connections and social associations. At whatever point I initially meet a potential companion, I will in general set up a divider; to me it’s increasingly like a social single direction mirror.I don’t talk definitely and I effectively watch the individual. Basically, I gain as much data as possible to discover what sort of individual they are and whether they share enough for all intents and purpose with me to one day become companions. My norms are considerably higher and the â€Å"one-way mirror† process is much longer for what I call sweetheart material. We will compose a custom article test on Infp Personality or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I essentially can’t acknowledge individuals for what their identity is; I am demanding with regards to making companions as a result of my elevated expectations. I incline toward a companion who has comparative qualities as I do in light of the fact that I’m at my best when I’m agreeable and I have a sense of security from criticism.For model, an ongoing separation with my ex has partitioned my companions and constrained me to remain with individuals I don’t share especially practically speaking with for mingling. This is terrible in light of the fact that when we hang out, I am normally calm, stuck in watching mode and I’m not myself; I appear to be emotionless, disengaged, or simply drained. Thus, I at present have scarcely any connections left and much less important connections. In school I can function admirably with different understudies when I need to, else I don’t trouble taking part in discussion since I don’t have the vitality or the motivation.I simply like to mind my own business. As a vocation, my self preoccupation gives me a ton of training in â€Å"figuring out† individuals. This can be particularly helpful in psychiatry and brain research and directing. Instinct is the inclination to follow my gut impulses and spotlight on future prospects as opposed to utilizing my faculties to assemble data and spotlight on at this very moment. This likewise influences how I judge the data I process in everyday life. In my own life, this is helpful when I’m free composition or playing music and for calling attention to significant or â€Å"big ideas† that may pass by others. In school, this is helpful in taking notes, rectifying papers, and stepping through composing exams. My instinct exceeds expectations in English class where there is typically no exact answer and generally comprises of speculations and thoughts to expand upon. My instinct would profit me the most in vocation, for example, workmanship, composing, advising, brain research experimentation, concocting, amusement, and delivering; professions where I’m allowed to utilize innovative methods of critical thinking. My inclination will in general let me settle on choices as indicated by my qualities while considering how the choice will straightforwardly/inconspicuously sway other eople. In my own life, I utilize this quality to support others or to help myself by controlling individuals. Tragically, I am conceited and I feel remorseful of this characteristic, so I will in general parity out my choices in an outlandish example. Most of my choices are made with the goal that they advantag e me and don’t hurt others. I’d rather not have a relationship to forestall annihilating in any case. More often than not I choose some center ground or win-win arrangement. Not every one of my choices are all around thought out.This could be an issue in a workplace on the grounds that occasionally I overcompensate by doing things the manner in which I envision the supervisor might want me to resemble, instead of making sensible stride by step choices. Be that as it may, this property can be helpful in acting, legislative issues, guiding, and photography. I unquestionably incline toward seeing to manage the external world in an adaptable and unconstrained methodology. I extraordinarily esteem independence and unique thoughts. I’m in a flash pulled in to whatever is unique and new.On the flipside, any idea that is standard or inclining repels me. That is awful for me since it additionally implies that I am disorderly and I experience difficulty booking and arranging. Else I can be an extraordinary impetus for thinking of new and energizing thoughts. My arbitrary and unique comical inclination is an impression of my recognitions. I have a great creative mind and I can get a handle on new ideas effectively and develop them. This helps keep me occupied with classes I’m really intrigued by; like craftsmanship, music, science, science, brain research and perusing. With respect to majors and profession, my seeing capacity would serve me best in brain research, workmanship, music, guiding, film, anything where inventiveness is required. As per the course reading, my optimal professions would be craftsman, author, writer, performer, artist, analyst, specialist, physical advisor or doctor. I am generally OK with a vocation in innovative expressions or in a human services situated employment title. My favored school majors are as yet a wide assortment of workmanship, music, unknown dialect, and brain science, medication, and wellbeing occupations.I am as yet open to new thoughts and potential outcomes to be certain beyond a shadow of a doubt of what I need to accomplish professionally. My vocation and significant inclinations are dependent upon steady change. As a commonplace INFP, I have been aware of my character type and characteristics for a long while now. It has helped me accomplish another degree of comprehension with my shortcomings and destructions. Composing what I know and accept about myself on paper has given me some association and an increasingly strong point of view of what is skimming in the ether of my brain. It has been a joy for me to find out about myself and my potential on the planet.

Fiscal vs Monetary Policy Guide

Fiscal vs Monetary Policy Guide Fiscal and monetary policies are two means through which the economy of a nation can be controlled.There is always need to control the economy of a nation so as to avoid an economic collapse.These two policies are made and implemented by two different organs. This gives them their varying powers, or pros and cons.Apart from the drafting and implementing bodies, there is also the general means by which they work.These help distinguish between them.But more importantly, they seek to reach their goals in different ways.Fiscal PolicyA country’s fiscal policy is drafted and implemented by the government.The main aim is to address the government’s spending as well as taxation.With taxation, the government can decide to increase taxes.When this happens, it will collect more revenue. With an increase in taxes, the general cost of living becomes high.Consumer goods become more expensive and the most affordable items quickly become more costly.This is the approach taken by the government t o mitigate an uncontrollable growth of the economy.On the other hand, the government might decide to lower tax and increase its own spending.This will typically happen when the economy is experiencing a downturn.In the event of a recession, increased government spending becomes an attractive force which stimulates economic growth.At the same time, there will be lowered taxes to encourage others to take action which will spur growth. Lower taxes have the effect of reducing the price of commodities.This makes it easier for people to buy the necessary products for their use.Monetary PolicyA monetary policy also serves the economy of the nation, though differently. Instead of targeting taxation and government spending, this policy targets interest rates and the supply of money in circulation.When interest rates are increased, it becomes more difficult to borrow money. This has the effect of stifling the growth of the economy.Commercial banks will charge more for loans and only the rich will be able to afford them.Startups and SMBs usually suffer when such action is taken.These businesses will not be able to grow and as life becomes expensive, their profits reduce.If this situation prevails for a long time, they may start shutting down.Whenever interest rates are increased, it is often for the purposes of regulating growth.An economy may be growing too fast to the point of requiring to be constrained.In such a situation, businesses will not suffer much, only that their profit margins may reduce.The other way the monetary policy is used to accomplish the same purpose is the control of the money in circulation.The more the money in circulation, the easier it becomes to acquire it.When it’s easy to get money, then spending it is not a problem.This reflects a situation where making transactions is easy. Meaning, the cost of living is not too high.Monetary policy is usually managed by the central bank of a nation. In the US, this is The Federal Reserve.TYPES OF FISCAL POLICYThere are two major types of fiscal policy which can be implemented by a government.These are used depending on the situation at hand. Source: the balanceSince there can only be two situations, either extreme growth or recession, the suitable one will be picked to regulate the economy.These two are:Expansionary Fiscal PolicyThe expansionary fiscal policy is the type used when the economy is in a downturn. When there is a slump on the economy, there is need for growth.The expansionary fiscal policy will be implemented by the government to get the economy out of the danger zone.As the name suggests, it is aimed at causing an expansion.Some of the things this policy may do include lowering the tax payable for different goods.This will especially target food or the things which have a direct impact on the cost of food.An example of this is oil. Oil is a major determinant of the prices of food because it affects transport. If oil prices are high, then transportation costs will be high.And if transportation costs are high, then moving food from the farms to the market will be expensive.This cost will be passed on to the c onsumer and it may be too high for affordable living.The government may also decide to increase its spending.This may target specific areas of the economy, those which can have a quick effect on other sectors.When the government spends more, it typically encourages economic growth.Contractionary Fiscal PolicyThe opposite of the expansionary fiscal policy is the contractionary policy. This is implemented when the economy is growing too fast and there is need for reducing the growth.This policy will be used to contract the economy in the shortest time possible.As you will learn in the section about the pros and cons of these policies, the desired effects of a fiscal policy are realized quickly.As such, a government is able to quickly take remedial action whenever things are going wrong. Or threatening to go wrong.A move like the increase in tax will take effect quickly enough to reduce unwanted growth. One problem with fiscal policy comes from the body which implements it.Since it is determined by legislation, things can take a political direction.When this happens, it may take some time before the right action is taken.ADVANTAGES OF USING FISCAL POLICYThe fiscal policy has some strengths attached to it. This is why presidential campaigns include the candidate’s discussion on things like taxes.This is because he has to show how he intends to improve life.Some advantages of using the fiscal policy are:They are specific and can stimulate specific growth.The nature of fiscal policy is that it is very specific in its targets.When a fiscal policy is being developed, the writers must be aware of the specific areas they intend to target with the legislation.This is because the policy, once implemented, will only have effect on the areas of interest.Other areas will normally be affected indirectly.Unless the policy is written to target all areas of the economy, there will usually be areas which will not be touched by the policy.This specific nature of the fiscal polic y has great advantages and provides a lot of control to the government.Take for instance a situation where the economy has fallen due to a housing bubble.This will likely have an effect on other sectors like banking since they are the mortgage providers.When a government decides to remedy the situation, it will create legislation that specifically targets these two industries and any other directly related to it.This saves a lot of time as there won’t be need to focus on anything outside the problem area.At the same time, this policy will be easy to implement because there are only a few factors being monitored.There may also be no need for a big multi-agency team to work on the implementation.Just a small team put together by the government will do.Higher taxes can greatly reduce negative impacts on life.Fiscal policies can be used for purposes other than those which directly impact an economy.However, it will still be for the benefit of the economy in one way or another.Consider the below example.Most of the countries in the world have agreed to combat global warming.For this to happen, there must be very deliberate efforts taken to ensure certain economic activities are heavily controlled, greatly reduced or totally stopped.An example is logging.Trees are known to take carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.Too much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is one of the leading causes of global warming.This problem is having far-reaching effects all over the world.It causes the melting of the ice caps in the Northern hemisphere resulting in the rise of sea levels. It is also the cause of heat waves and forest fires. The change in climate is also responsible for frequent storms and their increased intensity.Coal burning has a a similar impact on the environment. The smoke produced is destructive to the environment.When a government decides to act against such activities, it doesn’t have to tell those companies to close down.All it has to do is draft a tax policy and publish it. It may have some grace period by which it will take effect.At the commencement date, these businesses will have to pay higher taxes as specified.The money collected from these businesses may then be used to plant fast-growing tree seedlings so as to work against the effects of the pollution going on.Fiscal policies take effect fast.This is probably one of the best things about fiscal policies.They are a real solution when you want one quickly. This is built on the way they function.Targeting tax and government spending is usually something which can make a visible impact in a week’s time, if not less.This provides the advantage of knowing that there is always a way out of even the worst situations.This does not mean that a government can sit pretty and fail to monitor the situation for signs of economic trouble.Actually, the government should always be on the lookout for signs that things are not going right.Still, at times, problems arise faster than they can be reso lved. Also remember that fiscal policies come from the government.As such, it may take some time before the discussions are complete and an agreed-upon policy is presented.The delay will most often result from the political debates raging around the policy being drafted.DISADVANTAGES OF USING FISCAL POLICYHaving advantages always means there are disadvantages too.The same applies to the fiscal policy. Here are some of the common disadvantages.Can create or worsen budget deficits.Fiscal policies may come with a heavy price tag if implemented in an economic environment which is not well balanced.An example would be when the government has recently been unable to reach its target in revenue collection.Still required to carry out its obligations, the government may choose to spend more than it is receiving. The extra money needed will come from local and foreign loans.Increased spending by a government which doesn’t have the money in the first place can be dangerous.If this situation prevails for a couple of years, then the final deficit can become too big to be quickly dealt with. Tax incentives may not benefit the local economy.Where the implemented policy causes some savings on taxes so as to spur growth, this intention may not be realized.The reason is that as much as you can lower taxation, you cannot really tell people what to do with their savings.Private business may decide to import more raw materials for their manufacturing processes. They have definitely embraced the tax reduction but then opted to do what is in their best interest.Whereas the government hoped for the savings to be used to expand the local economy, individuals and businesses may be thinking otherwise.If the money is used to increase imports of raw materials, then the transactions done only send the money out of the country.When money is not revolving around locally, there is a reduced circulation.With little money in circulation, the economy suffers. This means that people will still not be able to make purchases.The raw material importer will go ahead and manufacture more products but there will be no-one to buy.His business will thus suffer just as it had before the fiscal policy came into effect.At the end of the day, very little change will be experienced.Often suffers from political influence.The biggest hurdle a fiscal policy will have to pass is not realizing the benefit it seeks to bring. It is the political fighting that will rage around it.Being a tool in the hands of the sitting government, the opposition will be readily available to throw accusations and condemnations.As if that is not enough, there will also be some among the government who will not agree with the policy as it is.These may cause a bigger problem as they will essentially be on the side of the opposition.Although politicians will normally be aware that the people are suffering, they will often engage in politics.This will always create a delay in the drafting, publishing and implement ation of the policy.ADVANTAGES OF USING MONETARY POLICYThe monetary policy is the other tool available for making changes in the country’s economy.Controlled by the central bank, this policy has its own way of dealing with the economy. Instead of touching on taxes, it goes for lending rates and money circulation.Here are some benefits from using it.Controlling interest rates controls inflation.Interest rates and inflation are closely connected. Inflation is the rate at which the price for goods and services rises. Interest rate is the percentage of money charged for every loan taken.You can look at it as the cost of borrowing.When the Central Bank increases or reduces the interest rate, inflation will soon show the impact.For example, the inflation rate may be rising steadily such that it needs to be dealt with. The Central Bank will then come up with a policy of dealing with it through the interest rate.A high inflation rate means higher prices of essential goods and services. If goods and services are expensive, then most people are not able to afford them. This points to a high cost of living.This therefore means that the higher the inflation, the more expensive life is.And if life is expensive, then economic growth is minimal.What does the Central Bank do?When the interest rate is lowered, banks will be able to issue loans to more people.Money will be more readily available. Businesses will be able to expand.Farmers will be able to get farm supplies more easily. And with money being available, then it is readily spent.With more money, people will be able to afford what they needâ€"even want.With needs being met, the cost of life goes down. And with the cost of life going down, inflation reduces.The independence of the Central Bank keeps politics away.The Central Bank is usually independent and functions without political influences. It is a politically-neutral body.As such, implementing a policy will not take unnecessarily long as there are no politician s seeking to win the masses through a regulation. Not being open to politicians also keeps the Central Bank professional.This is what will ensure that whatever policy the Central Bank makes, it is based on knowledge and research. Being an independently-run body means that it is possible that many economists are working there.Being experts in economy matters, these can be trusted to point the nation in the right direction.This is very different from what happens with the fiscal policy.Can boost exports by undervaluing the local currency.The kind of action taken by the Central Bank can have the effect of lowering the value of the local currency. This will happen as a result of boosting the circulation of money.Alternatively, the decision taken may be to reduce the interest rates. Lower interest rates mean that many people can take loans.As such, there will be free and easy availability of money. With more money freely-flowing, the value of the currency will most likely drop.In the int ernational market, when a currency is of a lower value, the products coming from that country are cheaper to buy.Therefore, if there are similar products from a country with a strong currency and another with a weaker one, the weaker currency will make the products attractive for purchase.The businesses which export products will experience a surge in sales.Unfortunately, the opposite effect will be experienced by those who import goods.The weaker currency will mean they have to spend more to buy the material they need. DISADVANTAGES OF USING MONETARY POLICYThe monetary policy also has disadvantages.The opponents of these policies will advocate against them on the basis of these disadvantages. Some are:Are general in nature and affect all areas of the economy.Unlike a fiscal policy which can target a specific sector of the economy, monetary policies are general.Once implemented, they affect everyone; those suffering and need help as well as those already doing well, having no proble m with the economic status.When an interest rate is increased for example, everyone in the nation will experience it.As long as you intend to borrow money, you will have to bear the heavier burden.This will be the case even in a section of the country where the economy is experiencing slow growth.At the same time, parts of the country may need more economic stimulus than others.In this case, the monetary policy will not be able to help out. The implementation will put everyone at the same level.Consider a situation whereby state A has 30% unemployment, state   B has 10% and state C has 2%.In an attempt to help business which can expand to states A and B to create employment, interest rates may be reduced.Considering other business factors such as taxation in individual states, reducing interest rates may not help at all.The overall cost of doing business in state A may be prohibitive.Unless this factor is looked at, businesses may still find it challenging to set up shop in that sta te.As such, the move which may have worked for state B, fails to make an impact in state A.Risk of hyperinflation.When more money is released into the economy, there is a risk of inflation getting out of control. This can come about due to the over-supply of money when the demand for it remains the same.This causes the value of the money to go down.Products and services will become more expensive as you need more money to cover for the difference.For example, the value of $1 may reduce by half. If there was a meal you used to buy at $5, this money now becomes worth $2.5. You will then be required to have $10 so as to reach the value of $5.A similar situation can result from interest rates being reduced too low. This has the effect of making people borrow more money. With more money in their hands, the value of the money can easily reduce.With money being of low value, manufacturers will spend more money to buy raw materials and pay their workers. These costs add to the cost of produ ction.This makes the final product high yet the money in people’s hands is of little value.Takes time to have an impact.Monetary policies take some time for their impact to be felt in the economy at the national level. This duration may be anything from months to a few years.This can be a disappointment for the people who desire to see the changes sooner than later.It has been argued that monetary policies have no real long-term effect other than raising the prices of commodities.The expected economic boost, which is what everyone looks forward to, may not be realized.This argument downplays the role the policy can play in shaping the economy of a nation.CONCLUSIONAll in all, between these two policies, fiscal and monetary, the best results come from a balanced use of both.Coming from different sources, they can both be used to control the economy so as to avoid either an over-expansion of the economy or a recession.

The Mechanisms Of The Criminal Justice System - 902 Words

CRJ Writing Assignment #1 The mechanisms of the criminal justice system in America function as more than the instruments for determining guilt in a criminal court case. Through the creation and enforcement of laws, it is a reflection of our society’s morals and values. It is our form of social control. As set out in our text, in 1964 two models emerged in an article written by Herbert Packer, â€Å"Two Models of the Criminal Process.† Professor Packer proposed that there are two fundamental criminal justice models: the crime control model and the due process model. Decision making within the criminal justice system is based on these two philosophical models. Historically, emphasis for one model over the other has shifted back and forth throughout the evolution of American culture. The crime control model is oriented toward law and order, the protection of society over the rights of individual defendants; while the due process model is attentive to the legal procedures and constitutional rights of the accused. This back and forth emphasis with either the conservative model of crime control vs. the liberal model favoring due process is known as how the pendulum swings. If I had to select one, I would choose the crime control model. Primarily because this is the most efficient and money saving to all involved. Like an assembly line, the crime control model emphasizes the quick and effective administration of justice through set procedures and direct handling of cases fromShow MoreRelatedTrying Juveniles as Adults Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Caldwell (1961) the juvenile justice system is based on the principle that youth are developmentally and fundamentally different from adults. 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William Shakespeare s King Lear - 1495 Words

â€Å"You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your neighbor and hate your enemy. But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you† (Matthew 5:43-44) Those who are subjected to treachery by those, whom they love, if they are truly good, loyal, and loving, will remain true to their oppressors. This is why love and goodness always prevail, even if only by a small degree. In William Shakespeare’s King Lear, the majority of characters are ruthless and without pity. They do everything for their own personal gain and not that of anyone else. What makes this play a tragedy however, is not only the selfishness of those characters, but the purity of those whom they abuse. Hence in the beginning of the play, truth is perceived as a disastrous quality, although in the end, is reverted as a virtue. In the play this virtue is depicted through three major characters. Cordelia is always honest which shows a great mark of her strength of character. Kent throug h defense for Cordelia shows great uprightness. Finally Albany deviates throughout the play and develops into a very truthful character. The interaction between Lear and his daughter, Cordelia, is one of the most tragic elements of the play. Upon Lear’s asking his daughters to profess their love for him, Cordelia is at a loss for words. It is evident that her love for Lear is great because she refuses to speak as to not say anything untrue. â€Å"Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth. I love yourShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1564 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is universally known for his literary output both in poetry and drama. Whether through his laugh-invoking comedies or his heart-wrenching tragedies, Shakespeare’s plays have changed the course of literature. Many of his plays about love are widely praised by all, but Shakespeare s King Lear differs from the rest due to its definition of love. King Lear serves as an battleground between deception and compassion, between flattery and honesty. Rather than focusing on romantic loveRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1550 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: By facilitating the growth of evil within William Shakespeare’s King Lear, it is evident that the tragedy’s protagonist, King Lear can be held accountable for his own victimization and ultimate downfall. The most notable aspects of this self-induced victimization include Lear’s own lack of practical wisdom and divergence from the natural order, combined with the neglect of kingship, that enables Lear as a tragic hero to create the conceptual framework in which the ulterior motives ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear3086 Words   |  13 PagesJerion Young Ms. Woods English IV 4 March 2015 King Lear William Shakespeare uses several literary elements in his writing, elements which are especially apparent in his play, King Lear. Shakespeare uses excellent creativity and description when writing this tragedy. â€Å"Neither has Shakespeare placed in the mouth of any other character in this play such fatalistic expressions as may be found in King Lear and occasionally elsewhere†(A.C. 2003). The way King Lear talks in this play is very evil compared toRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1611 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience life-changing events that jeopardize our sense of identity and make us question how we value ourselves. Our perception of our worth can change with what we learn through our existence, much like the characters in the play King Lear by William Shakespeare. Adversity and hardship are inevitable when characters are unable to connect themselves within their own identity or find a loss of self at some point in their role. The self-awareness, an essential a spect of their role, of many ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1320 Words   |  6 Pagesothers. Having strong communication skills allows one to better understand the situation at hand. Proper communication is essential to working out problems because of this reason. In the play King Lear by William Shakespeare, Lear communicating with his daughters, Gloucester communicating with his sons, and Lear communicating with Kent are all examples of failure of communication, which later lead to consequences and hardships that the characters must face. Without proper communication, people willRead MoreBlindness By William Shakespeare s King Lear2212 Words   |  9 PagesMaysoun Deeb Mr. A. T. Lebar EN4UN-04 13 July 2015 King Lear Blindness by definition, according to dictionaries, is â€Å"unable to see and lacking the sense of sight† by which King Lear, the classic tragic play written by William Shakespeare, illustrated the concept of blindness amongst his characters as the leading theme. King Lear and Gloucester were the characters that have been conflicted by this â€Å"blindness† that may or may not change their personalities in the very end of the play. Gloucester becomesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1546 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Sides to Every Person There are two sides to every story; that of the protagonist and that of the antagonist. As shown in the Shakespearean play King Lear, there is very little difference between the two. Edmund, who appears to be a villain, is more than meets the eye. His evil is a rebellion against the social order that denies him legitimacy. His villainy does not come from innate cruelty but from misdirected desire for familial love. His remorse in the end displays his humanity and blindnessRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1510 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s King Lear deals with tragic human relationship like the other tragedies of the author, but this story was written in social aspect and raises the doubtful point on legitimacy of some political systems. In this play, various characters form multi-layered kconflict relations. Thus, the story is being propelled towards tragedy due to numerous inner and outer conflicts of each character. However, as it is brought into being a charact er, Edgar in the end of the story, it implies new beginningRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1470 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Elizabethan era, making it relatable to all audiences, especially the modern audience, leaving room for multiple perspectives and understanding of the play. Shakespeare’s play ‘King Lear’, depicts the main protagonist’s ‘gradual descent into madness’ as a result of the forces of evil acting in the play for Lear has, to an extent, have sinned though it can’t outweigh that he has been sinned against. This is confirmed through Lear’s injudiciousness to see through his two eldest daughter’s internalRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear 1306 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"All...shall taste the wages of their virtue...the cup of their deservings. (5.3.317-320)† King Lear is frequently regarded as one of Shakespeare’s masterpieces, and its tragic scope touches almost all facets of the human condition: from the familial tensions between parents and children to the immoral desires of power, from the follies of pride to the false projections of glory. However, one theme rings true throughout the play, and that very theme is boundless suffering, accentuated by the gruesome

The Gestalt Approach Free Essays

The Gestalt approach was about how people represent a problem in their own minds, and how solving a problem involves a reorganization or restructuring of this representation. The first central idea of Gestalt problem solving is how a problem is represented in a person’s mind. This means what do they think about the problem? They would give people a problem and then see how they could figure out how to solve it by restructuring the problem. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gestalt Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then the second idea of Gestalt is insight. Insight is when you have a sudden realization of how the problem should be solved. Gestalt assumed that when people were figuring out problems that when they finally have the answer this is insight. Insight is like that Aha! Moment you get when you finally figured the problem out. They believed that restructuring the problems was directly involved in solving insight problems. One of the major obstacles to solving these problems was fixation. Fixation is when people tend to focus on one specific problem area of the problem that keeps them from seeing the real problem, and being able to solve it. When looking at a problem some people tend to have a preconception of how the problem should be solved. This is called a mental set. The mental set is a preconceived notion about how to approach a problem, which is determined by a person’s experience or what has worked in the past. The Information- Processing Approach is Newell and Simon’s approach to solving problems. They saw problems in terms of an initial state. An Initial state is the conditions at the beginning of a problem. Then you have the goal state which is the solution of the problem. They used the Tower of Hanoi problem, which is three discs stacked on the left peg and the goal state as these discs stacked on the right peg. During this problem they introduced the idea of operators which is the actions that take the problem from one state to another. Each step of the problem created and intermediate state. When a problems starts it starts with the initial state and continues through a number of intermediates states that finally reach the goal state. All of these together, the initial state, goal state and all the intermediate states for the problems are called a problem space. A person has to search the problem to find the solution to it, and one way of directing the search of finding the answer is a strategy called means-end nalysis. The goal of means-end analysis is to reduce the difference between the initial state and the goal state. This is achieved by sub goals. Sub goals are the intermediate states that get you closer to the goal state. Analogical problem solving involves three steps according to Gick and Holyoak. Step one is noticing. You have to notice that there is an analogous relationship bet ween the source story and the target problem. This is a crucial step in analogical problem solving. The second step of this is mapping. Mapping is when you have to correspond between the source story and the target problem. You have to map the different parts of the story together in order to help you solve the problem. Then, the third step is to apply. Applying is you take all of the connections you made during mapping and apply them so you can successfully solve the problem. One thing that makes the first step difficult is that people tend to focus on the surface features of the problem. Surface features are the specific element that makes up the problem. Then you have the structural features. Structural features are the underlying principle that governs the solution. Studies have shown that when people are able to get enough sleep they are able to perform better when it comes to figuring out a solution to a problem. If someone has studied and then are able to go to sleep without any interruption they are able to process more of what they studied, because our mind will take it all in. If someone studied and then had to stay up a while before they went to sleep they are open to more distractions, and this can cause them not to be able to think about what they know and help them solve the problem effectively. If I had to pick out three of the objects on our paper to create something it would be the, circle, the rainbow shape and the cross. I would take the circle and make it like a tire that would bounce, and then connect to cross shape to it to make a back for a seat and use the rainbow shape as a handle so I could hold on. In order to use this for transportation you would sit on it and bounce to where ever you needed to go. It would also make a nice chair to just be able to sit on. If you were to use it as a scientific instrument you could use it see how far it would bounce from point a to oint b, and then measure the distance in between. I’m not really sure how it would be used as an appliance, unless you wanted to use it as a heater. If you bounce up and down enough times it would warm the body and you would no longer be cold. Kids would love this to be able to bounce on all over the place, so it would make an excellent toy that could keep a child entertained for hours. If I wa s to use this as a weapon I could pick it up and throw it at someone and hope it knocks them out, while I run the other direction. How to cite The Gestalt Approach, Papers

Popular Culture in Rap Music free essay sample

The history of rap music started in Africa with rhythmic beats using drums. From Africa to the Caribbean islands It came to America and started its influential change on American Music. The first rap song to take flight and make Its mark on the up and coming rap culture was the Sugar Hill Gang In 1979. In 986 rap music finally reached the top of the music charts and was show on MAT for the first time featuring Run- DIM. Continuing to change in the asss in the east coast came the more harsh and awe of the rap music scene like Www-Tang Clan and Notorious Big. As for rap music on the East coast rap music was mellower. When these rappers first started rapping the music videos were very simple, short, no half naked woman and the use of vulgar words was non-existent. In the 21st century there are rappers Like 50 cent, Jay Z, and Snoop Dog. We will write a custom essay sample on Popular Culture in Rap Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Who In modern day rap music that has all changed and has shaped the new age of rap music influence on the way we look at woman, money, fancy cars, homes, the way people dress and a much flashier way of living. Run DIM was expansible for the first decade of the sound and style of rap music.Theyre one of the most influential groups in forming when rap music is today. They have made many firsts In the movement of rap music. To name a few they were the first group to make a full rap album, the first to have a top 10 charting album, the first rap group to earn a ARIA( In gold, platinum, and multi-platinum album), the first group to be on the cover of the Rolling Stones magazine, to receive a Grammar award nomination, have their own rap video air on MAT, the first rap group to appear on Saturday NightLive and American Bandstand, they were the first act to win the crossover appeal with rock fans to hip-hop fans, also to perform at the Live Aid in 1985 and they were finally the first rap group to be signed to an athletic product endorsement deal (random. Com), So to say the least Run DIM are the grandfathers of the rap community and history. When you look at Run Dams first rap video Its Like That that aired on MAT in 1986, there is a huge difference in the makeup of the video then the ones that are aired today. The beats are very simple and Just keep repeating themselves over and over again.When they came o ut on stage it was just the three of them. There were Just the two rappers and the DC on the mix tables. In the video there were no girls shaking their butts, guys smoking or drinking, riding on the back of cars screaming at girls that are half dressed and no flashy life style (Youth). This was what they considered real music back in the day when rap music was starting to get to the main stream. When Notorious Big first came on the rap scene his videos were very simple only for the fact that he didnt have much money to make the kinds of videos he wanted too.Once he got his first deal he started to make videos with the beautiful girls, nice cars, big chains and anything flashy he wanted. In his video l without even hearing the words to the song. Hes walking to a dark club with girls all around dancing, hes smiling, and he makes his way to his table. Once he gets to his table theirs a bottle of champagne, girls all around dancing, biggies talking to the girls as theyre smiling and continue to dance on him (Youth). The whole video Just glorifies the large, loud, sexy girl life style that is seen in so many videos today. Next s the Www Tang Clan who also came out in the sasss.The Www-Tang clan was made up of about nine guys trying to get into the rap scene. They all had their own strengths but as a group they were unstoppable. It was said to almost be like a support system (wattage). They were from stating island, NY, known as the most revolutionary rap group of the mid-ass. Their music videos didnt have any woman dancing or any kind of flashiness going on. It was very raw and real. It was shot on the dark street or in rundown buildings, with dark clothes, looked almost gang like because there were just so many people in the video and in the group it was Just so raw.People loved this about the group and those rapping about what they felt were the real life issues they have dealt with and seen grown up in the streets. Even though the group broke up over the years and started to do things on their own they are still looked at as being one of the most influential hardcore rap groups (wattage). Next is The Sugar Hill Gang first came out in the sasss with the song Rappers Delight. Even though this was the one hit for the group it still made a huge impact on the rap scene.The song eventually went on to sell over 2 million copies, hit #4 on the R;B chart, and became the highest selling 12 inch single ever (starless). When the song first came out on the radio no one knew who this group was but none the less it blew up as a hit worldwide. In the video Rapper Delight the Sugar Hill Gang it is a very simple low budget video but they still manage to have girls dancing in bikinis and sitting by the pool and a bar in the back ground. Even though its a low budget video it still promotes take sexy girls and if youre a rapper you can get as many of them as you want.

Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur Essay Example

Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur Paper Hal and Hotspur are one of the two most important and instrumental characters in Henry IV Part One. From the outset, Shakespeare intends to set up a comparison between the two rivals. King Henry IV, Hals father, compares them in the very first scene of the play. After outlining the situation regarding the civil war in the country, Henry tells Westmoreland that Hotspur is the theme of honours tongue (1. 1. 80). This, together with blatant criticism of Hals reckless and debauched manner, gives the audience the impression, and indeed this is later stated when Glendower enters, that Henry wishes that Hotspur was his son instead of Hal. As well as introducing the theme of honour, it focuses the audiences attention on comparing these two men. In contrast to the first scene, the second scene in Act one shows Hal in the tavern along with his rebellious companion Falstaff. This scene illustrates what the King refers to regarding his sons behaviour. We learn that Hal is witty and energetic, and gains pleasure in teasing his old friend about his overindulgence. In Act one scene three, we see the King again, this time in the Council Chamber with the rebels, including Henry Percy, otherwise known as Hotspur. Hotspur refuses to surrender some prisoners whom he gained following a previous battle. We learn that, through his demand for Mortimers release, Hotspur is loyal. He is also very courageous, albeit tactless and undiplomatic. Te audience realises that this would make him an unsuitable leader. However, Hotspur does seem to be a preferable leader to Hal. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Further on in the play, Prince Hal partakes in a highway robbery. Falstaff orchestrates and carries out a robbery at Gads Hill, and then Hal proceeds to rob Falstaff following this. This incident fails to blemish Hals character. It does, however, show his reckless and genuinely base behaviour. He recognises this when he proclaims that I have sounded the very base-string of humility (2. 4. 5-6). Hal undergoes a dramatic change in Act three scene two. During this difficult interview with his father, he shows himself to be contrite in admitting his faults. The King compares Hal with Hotspur, whom he claims has more right to rule the country than Hal because of his many high deeds (3. 2. 107) in battle. This would have motivated Hal to reform since he would not take kindly to this insult. Hal promises to reform and to be more myself (3. 2. 93), indicating his previous persona was a false fai ade masking the true Hal. In the sense that both Hal and Hotspur will strive to pursue their goals. In contrast to the fact that Hotspurs temper would deem him an unsuitable ruler, Hal possesses admirable diplomacy. For instance, in this Act he performed a diplomatic concealment of his true intentions regarding the Gads Hill incident, and an awareness of the public effect he has to achieve as a responsible Prince of Wales following the interview with his father. Further on in the play, we learn that Hotspur is very keen to fight. For instance, the first line in Act four scene three is by Hotspur that Well fight him (Hal) tonight. This trait is not desirable in a king. In contrast, in Act five scene one, Hal offers to fight Hotspur in single combat. This brave and valiant statement was not said in earnest for a fight, but a noble gesture rather than risking the lives of thousands of men. This shows that Hal has matured. In contrast to Hals character at the start of the play, he is very much more sensible. The audience see Hal here as a skilled politician, like his father, offering a sensible solution to the grave problem of civil war that plagued the country. To conclude, at the start of the play, I would have deemed Hal to be a most unsuitable King, and Hotspur as one to whom the title would be most suited. However, during the course of the play, Shakespeare constructs a complex character development for both Hal and Hotspur. At the end of the play, after Hals triumphant reformation, I would argue that he is by far a more appropriate leader. He possesses all the necessary qualities, diplomacy, courage and honour to name but a few. Hotspur is impulsive, albeit brave, undiplomatic and tactless. To have Hal fighting with him instead of in opposition to him only strengthens Henrys position regarding his previously uncertain title to the throne.

Ethical Movie Review essays

Ethical Movie Review essays Become an employee of this firm, you will make your first million within three years. These words were spoken by one of the main characters in the movie Boiler Room. This man was ecstatic because of all of the wealth that he created by pulling the metaphorical stock market wool over his clients eyes. In Boiler Room many aspects of ethical and unethical business are both directly and indirectly depicted. In the movie the company J.T. Marlin that most of the main characters worked for was based on cheating the public. The proceeding paragraphs will expand upon, in detail how this company was based upon money over morals and the dilemma the main character was faced with when he discovered the illegal operation. The company was far from Wall Street. This company was ran as a high class firm. It was an illegal operation selling fake stock for large profits. In some ways it was a monopoly because it was the only business that is selling the stocks in Pharotech. J.T. Marlin brought in youth with no experience and then trained them to sell stock. The new employees started as trainees and after they passed their required series 7 exam they were promoted to Jr. brokers. After opening forty accounts they were promoted once again to Sr. brokers. When they become a Sr. broker they established their own accounts and begin making profits for themselves. They made large percentages or rips on each share they sold. They were trained to lie and to tell the customer what they wanted to hear. J.T. Marlin received lists of people called leads who were somewhat affluent. The trainees or Jr. brokers called these leads and offered stock in a fake medical drug or product. They started having the customers buy small amounts of stock which would not have much risk attached. They would keep selling the stock to increase the price to create profit for the stockowners. In turn, creating desire for them to ...

Management Process Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Process - Case Study Example Quoting The Guardian "In spite of the recession, and in contrast to rivals like Marks and Spencer and Debenhams, the company could report a 20% increase in sales to 2.3bn, for the year to the end of September." Primark has been flexible in understanding its customers' needs and offering them the latest at affordable prices. The company has been open to expansions and acquisitions. It has 193 outlets today, all over U.K and Europe, not to mention the parent country of Ireland. When its rival BhS wound up its operations in Ireland, in 1992, Primark was quick to seize the opportunity and set up a 50,000sq ft showroom in the upmarket area of O'Connell Street, Dublin. In 1995, it bought out BhS's One-Up discount chain and in 1999, it acquired 11 stores from Co-Op. In 2005, the company acquired 6 stores from 'Allders'. According to Sarah Segal, Primark is a high street retailer that has a line of brands and focuses on buying, logistics and supply chain management rather than branding, when compared to its peers like TK Maxxx. The buying team from Ireland and U.K travels worldwide to acquaint itself with fashion trends and look for inexpensive suppliers. Computerized customs clearance helps the company achieve speed to market. Dedicated warehousing and distribution facilities also help reduce time and cost for the movement of goods in the supply chain. New fashion trends have been copied quickly and thus products have reached their stores before the competitors. After carefully selecting the new fashion designs that would appeal to the target consumer, the company is quick to add stocks when these items are in high demand. Constantly updated records of daily sale and stock information sent to the warehouses helps in restocking fast selling items immediately. Quality While the company claims itself as a no frills seller, it has never compromised on the quality of the finished product. "Style, quality and affordable prices" are the attributes associated with Primark. Value for money is the idea behind this retailer's success. When a company can grow by leaps and bounds the way Primark has since its inception 1969 and continue to make profits much above the industry average even in times of recession, it speaks volumes about the quality of the products sold. It is hard to imagine that such a huge retailer does not need support through advertising campaigns. Obviously, the quality has to be so good that the company can sell products like hot cakes even during the recession. Cost Primark promises to deliver high fashion clothing at very affordable prices. True to its slogan "Look good, pay less," it offers clothes at very reasonable prices (like jeans for 4). Its success formula in keeping the cost low seems to be it target group: the fashion conscious below the age of 35.Outsourcing the workers from other countries where labour is cheap helps in significantly reducing the production costs. Here is a company that can afford to do away with advertising, thus saving the company billions of s that would otherwise have been spent on advertising. Susan Segal feels that their success is due to the fact that they are positioned clearly at the cheap end of the market, thus avoiding a middle of the bracket position like its

Deregulation Act of 1978 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Deregulation Act of 1978 - Essay Example The Airline Deregulation Act’s intention was to stop government control over airline industry policies. The control was majorly over routes, fares, and market entry of new airlines from commercial aviation. The government approved this Act on 24th October, 1978 and President Jimmy Carter signed it into law four days later (Kaps, 1997). Before the Act, the industry was more of a public utility with a government agency. The CAB; Civil Aeronautics Board determined the routes taken by each airline and the prices they charged their passengers. This has changed ever since after the incorporation of the Act which has seen the market shift to a market –driven industry. The customer demand determined the level of service and price charge. The deregulation Act came by after several flaws in the airline industry. One of them was the Middle Eastern oil case; this led to a rise in price of fuel costs. This shoot up in fuel cost led to price inflation. Another flaw was the development of the wide body aircraft that allowed for carriage of increased capacity to different and many routes with one flight. These two cases came when there was an economic fall that led to a strain on the airlines. This fall led to failure in the airline businesses, and rising fuel prices did not aid the situation at all. The Civil Aeronautics Board in response to this situation and trying to ensure reasonable return for the airlines allowed the different carriers to increase fares. It also embarked on a four year suspension by the carriers on authorizing new services and approved agreements among the airlines to limit the carriage capacity on specific routes. The public did not welcome this move with open arms the fares had increased. The airlines also did not see much change on the Civil Aeronautics Board last decision as through the 1970’s their earnings were poor despite the

Black Identity In Bamboozled

Black Identity In Bamboozled African Americans have for a long time been represented in American cinema in discourses of white realism. With the emergence of black directors, there has been a struggle to detach the black community from the traditional, negative stereotypes attached to them. Bamboozled (Spike Lee, 2000) is a dark satire on race representation and assimilation and the ways in which the dominant hegemonic power structure is able to divide and rule those it subjugates. This paper will first explore the history of cinematic representation of African Americans, which will be discussed in line with the issue of misrepresentation in Bamboozled (2000). This paper will also explore African-American identity dilemma as presented in Bamboozled (2000). Introduction I want people to think about the power of images, not just in terms of race, but how imagery is used and what sort of social impact it has- how it influences how we talk, how we think, how we view one another. In particular, I want them to see how film and television have historically, from the birth of both mediums, produced and perpetuated distorted images. Film and television started out that way, and here we are, at the dawn of a new century, and a lot of that madness is still with us today. Spike Lee. The debates over race and representation of African Americans in films have been highly contentious for over a century. Blacks have generally been perceived and stigmatized, throughout history, as trouble makers, incapables, intellectually limited, inferior, lazy and irrational, amongst the many other demeaning labels attached to them. These labels are connected not only to the history of colonization but also, importantly, to the exploitation, perpetuation, and careful maintenance of stereotypes through cinematic clichà ©s which have imposed themselves easily and significantly on the popular imagination. As rightly stated by Wijdan Ali, the projection of harmful and negative stereotypes onto marginal or ineffectual groups within a society has always been an easy and useful method for making scapegoats.Effectively, films form the ideal space to circularize and preserve the labels which the mainstream audience desires to attach to the black community. Five decades of the Civil Rights Movement have gone by, and the degree of change in the black community, though undeniably real and noticeable, remains perplexingly complex and inadequate. Although the fact that we now live in a time in history where Americans have voted in a black President, where blacks now occupy positions of power and are ostensibly less subject to institutional discrimination than in the past, the black community nevertheless remains inadequately poor, unemployed, undereducated and negatively labeled. Adding to these, portrayals of African Americans in cinema are still, to a great extent, marked by buffoonery. Therefore, adopting a writing-back style in Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee satirically attacks the way in which African Americans have historically been misused and misrepresented on screen. Through Bamboozled (2000), the director attempts both to entertain and to educate his audience about the history of African American representation within popular culture, with the word bamboozled itself indicating the state of having been cheated or conned. Bamboozled (2000) presents American mass entertainments history of racial discrimination through abasing minstrel stereotypes, which first started to be performed in musical theatres and which were later brought to cinema with films such as The Wooing and Wedding of a Coon (1905), The Sambo Series (1909- 1911) and D.W Griffiths controversial The Birth of a Nation( 1915). Consequently, the purpose of this study is to explore African American evolution in the American film industry and to analyze the effects of stereotypes and misrepresentation o n African American identity using Cornel Wests theory of Alienation (1993) and Du Boiss theory of double consciousness (1903). These will hopefully in turn help to understand why the integration of African Americans is considered as a problematic issue even in a sophisticated era where racism seems to be a thing of the past, and where people are supposedly no longer judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. But before getting to what Bamboozled (2000) actually brings to the table of African-American films, it is important to look at the history and evolution of black representation in Hollywood cinema, which the following paragraphs are going to deal with. II. African Americans in American Films: A Brief Retrospective African Americans first started to be represented in minstrel shows in the late 1820s and later on television in the early 20th century. Through blackface minstrelsy, a performance style where white males parodied the songs, dances, clothing and speech patterns of Southern blacks using blackface makeup and exaggerated lips, Americas conceptions of blackness and whiteness were shaped by these mocking caricatures, for, as pointed out by bell hooks, there is power in looking. While whiteness was posited as the norm, every black face was a statement of social imperfection, inferiority, and mimicry that [was] placed in isolation with an absent whiteness as its ideal opposite. Consequently, for over a century, the notion that colored people were racially and socially inferior to whites was ingrained, internalized and accepted both by white and black minstrel performers and audiences. The caricatures took such a strong hold on the American imagination that audiences naturally came to expect any person with dark skin, irrespective of his/ her background, to fit in one or more of the following stereotypes; Jim Crow, a dull-witted and subservient plantation slave; Zip Coon, a lazy, gaudily-dressed man from the city representing the proud newly- freed slave; Mammy, the contended, happy, loyal and ever-smiling female slave (as evidence of the supposed humanity of the institution of slavery,); Uncle Tom, the good Negro; submissive, hearty, faithful no matter what, stoic, selfless, and oh-so-very-kind, Buck, the proud and menacing Black man always fascinated by white women; Jezebel the temptress; the mixed race Mulatto, and Pickaninnies, who have bulging eyes, unkempt hair, red lips and wide mouths into which they stuff huge slices of watermelon. As time moved on, black appearance in mainstream films became more and more frequent, as well as the increase in the number of independent black directors, from Oscar Micheaux to Daniels Lee and Spike Lee. Since The Birth of a Nation, which marked a change in emphasis from the pretentious but harmless Jim Crow to the threatening savage Nigger, black filmmakers have responded by creating race movies and blaxploitation films which were tailored to black audiences . The 1970s witnessed a resurgence of the blaxploitation genre with films such as Sweet Sweetbacks Baadassss Song (1971), Shaft (1971), Black Caesar (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974). Since such films were themselves in turn accused of using the negative to hyperbolize issues pertaining to blacks, this genre saw its end in the late 1970s to give way to a new wave of black directors, such as S. Lee and John Singleton, who focused on black urban life. However, we cannot afford to simply celebrate the achievements of black filmmakers for the so-called ethnic arts. And as Stuart Hall remarks, we have come out of the age of innocence, which says that its good if its there. The mere fact that such films have had a considerable increase does not mean that the status of and opportunities for black people have dramatically improved although it may be true that the level of clear-cut racism has known an important decrease, or even a disappearance. This can be backed up by Appiahs statement that changes in the representation of blacks do not ipso facto lead to changes in their treatment. III. The Issue of Misrepresentation in Bamboozled (2000) In Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee directly addresses this issue of African American representability as being a discourse of white essentialism. Through Bamboozled (2000) the director invites his audience to realize that although nobody goes around in blackface anymore,it does not entail that Hollywood has altogether abandoned/given up essentialist discourse. The director satirically uses very symbolic icons and elements throughout the film in order to highlight racism and misrepresentation. The beginning of Bamboozled (2000) itself generates the intended theme; Stevie Wonders Misrepresented People, a song which encapsulates the historical, political and social adversities faced by blacks, is carefully and cleverly set as the background music, which powerfully and heavily impacts upon the content of the film as well as upon the audience. Spike Lee makes it blatantly clear that Bamboozled (2000) sets out to illustrate White American ideology and discourse within contemporary public sphere. Pierre Delacroix (Damon Wayans), the protagonist of the film, is a network executive working in a company which is specialized in black matters. Ironically though, during the meeting in which Delacroix is reproached for his lateness and reminded of CP time, it can be noticed that the only Black person present is Pierre himself. His boss, Dunwitty, clearly does not want to see Negroes on television unless they are buffoons. He even cancelled one of Pierres brilliant shows because it starred blacks as dignified people and goes on to complain that the latters written materials are too clean, too white, too antiseptic, which according to him merely portray white people with blackfaces. He urges Delacroix to keep it real, that is, he reminds him of the humiliating position of blacks in cinema; blacks are only entertainers. The depiction of the struggle endemic to the African American experience of representation, which Lee throws to the audience in a very obvious yet complex way, can be seen in Extract 1. It can be observed in this scene that Delacroix has no other option than to portray blacks as entertainers if he is to respect his contract. This scene is also important because it does two things; first, it shows Delacroixs struggle to promote the black community by attempting to fight misrepresentation, and second, it shows a well-educated Delacroixs willingness to dissociate himself from other African Americans. The name of the blackface show in Bamboozled (2000) is in itself very symbolic; Mantan: The New Millennium Minstrel Show. Here, Lee suggests that minstrelsy has not disappeared in the new millennium. In his-own words therefore, it has only gotten more sophisticated. Gangsta rap videos, a lot of the TV shows on UPN and WB- a lot of us are still acting as buffoons and coons. The issue of black-white relations resurfaces in Bamboozled (2000) and the role of the Other is made explicit through Lees intended message. Black stereotyping and Otherisation becomes the necessary evil in the construction of white identity and is needed to reassure white audiences of the stability of their identity. With this comes the implication that black films are successfully marketed only if they appeal to mainstream audiences. Clearly, Spike Lees aim in this provocative film is to show that even today, the American film industry is still concealing essentialist discourses within contemporary films. Consequ ently, as essentialism involves ongoing human and social interaction as well as limitation, identity regulation and enforcement takes place within this kind of racist discourse, whereby blacks have to undergo identity dilemma while trying to seek approval. As we have seen, cinema has an important role to play in the construction of identity. History, cinema and black identity are intricately intertwined. The association of these three in Bamboozled (2000) communicates to the audience how blacks are identified and how they in turn identify themselves. As a marginalized group, most of the black characters in Spike Lees film forsake their identity so as to gain approval, to be successful, or to get out of black poverty and the result is shown to be a disastrous one for the black soul and community. The next section is therefore going to be an exploration of identity dilemma in Bamboozled (2000). IV. Identity Dilemma in Bamboozled (2000) I have heard all my life that White people dont have to change who they are, how they talk, or how they behave. Therefore, I was left with the impression that it was everyone elses responsibility to attempt to adopt the cultural and social personalities of White people. Ronald, L Jackson. In order to tackle this issue of identity in Bamboozled (2000) Cornel Wests theory of alienation(1993) will be used in parallel to DuBois theory of double-consciousness (1903) .Wests theory of alienation (1993) explores the identity crisis faced by the black diasporan community in modern day America. Natal alienation, which has been created by the history of colonization, is an irretrievable damage to black identity. Since the Black is rendered into an inferior being through history and representation, and this inferiority further reinforced by both descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes in cinema, blacks as a result experience a severe identity dilemma, a double consciousness. Alienation in Wests theory exists on two intricately related levels: firstly as an ideological system of oppression and discrimination and secondly as a black existentialist struggle. In Bamboozled (2000), this powerful system of oppression forces the black characters to forsake their black soul and identities. Unlike Delacroix, Womack (Tommy Davidson) and Manray (Savion Glover), two homeless street performers, are forced by their unfavorable economic conditions to become de-rooted and senseless performing dolls. Both are stripped of their names and imposed with the abasing and stereotypically racist names of SleepnEat and Mantan respectively. Alienation here produces the modern black diasporan problematic of invisibility and namelessness, whereby Womack and Manray are forced to look at themselves through the eyes of others, of measuring [their] soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. Impelled by societal and survival pressures, both of them are forced to assimilate in order to be accepted by the white community as well as by the assimilated black people. It becomes clear that David Llorenss (1968) two types of blacks are present in Bamboozled (2000). Delacroix and Sloan represent the chosen ones while Manray and Womack represent the fellah. The former is familiar with the streets and the black vernacular, while the latter is culturally refined has assimilated into the white community. Alienation and white essentialist discourse creates such a situation where the chosen one feels embarrassed by the fellah and seeks at all times to show that they are two different kinds, and to please the Guardian, that is, the white man. Manray and Womack are, through the eyes of Sloan ( Jada Pinkett Smith) and Pierre, African Americans who share similar traits to the primitive African. Delacroix points this out by looking down on them and recommending that they be given deodorant s, toothbrushes, toothpastes and underwear. He also attempts without success to dissociate himself from the fellah black category by desperately explaining to Dunwitty that blacks are not a monolithic group, and that middle class black does exist. These words are representative of the African American communitys desire not to be identified only through blackness. For Dunwitty, Delacroix is only trying to wear a whiteface, which is not a mere fabrication or a mere racist comment. Dunwittys words carry an important truth. We see from the beginning of the film, that Delacroix eagerly and desperately seeks recognition and visibility from his white co-workers when he walks his way to his office. He also rejects the black vernacular for Standard English so as to make a clear cut difference between the educated and the uneducated black. This, to an important extent, reifies the superiority of whites and serves to alienate blacks in American society, as, according to West (1993), alienation is part of a whole system of language. Once a cultures language is alienated from the mainstream populations language, the cultures identity is similarly taken away and starts to dissipate. Delacroix himself unconsciously embodies several of the blackface stereotypes, although he tries to portray blacks in a positive light. He can be viewed as a Zip Coon, with his pretentiousness and his implicit disregard for the fellah blacks during the auditioning for the Alabama Porch Monkeys, and his dissociation from the black vernacular. Furthermore, he embodies the Uncle Tom stereotype several times in the film, especially in the scene where he acts as the loyal, faithful and subservient black while insisting on handing off an award to Mathhew Modine (playing himself.) Delacroix is therefore himself caught in this whirlwind of Europeanization. In his relentless effort to assimilate into white culture, he gets himself a Harvard education and a penthouse, dresses professionally, and speaks the right language. Even when he sets out on his mission to deconstruct stereotypes and raise public awareness on modern day racism, he is himself unable to resist the misrepresentation and cari cature of the terms set by uncontested nonblack norms and models. Delacroix therefore also contributes both consciously and unconsciously to the dominant discourse of alienation of blacks from the white community by setting up a Coon show which idealizes a simpler time, a time when men were men, women were women, and Negroes knew their place. Some black folks are consequently outraged by his racist show and accuse him of selling out his own community. But what has actually happened to Pierre Delacroix is that he has been experiencing the split-self- disease, what Du Bois calls a twoness an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body. Aware of the fact that the popular American view has consistently dehumanized African Americans through negative representation, Delacroix does not want to be among those blacks who are despised by the European American population. He does not want to be invisible and formless. Therefore h e aspires to be both Negro and American, two identities, which, according to Du Bois (1903) are often in conflict. Delacroixs wearing of the blackface by the end of the film iterates the inescapability of the imposed mask of blackness. Realizing that he is unable to appear as anything but black in the eyes of others, he compromises with his black self and resigns himself to the mask. What Lee is actually showing is that in modern day America, and even for sophisticated and well- off black Americans, the merging of the American and the African is one very difficult (if not impossible) thing to happen. The impact of stereotypes and alienation on black identity causes one to have a keen sense of awareness about his or her various selves and how they are perceived. Often, blacks in Bamboozled (2000) have to negotiate their identity. Through this act, they inevitably reach a self-realization of twoness. Womack for instance realizes that he will always be looked down upon as a second-class American citizen, no matter how famous and successful he has become. He becomes conscious of the fact the he had been bamboozled insofar as believing that he could be an equal citizen. His success lies only in the fact that he is able to entertain white America, to always keep em laughing, a quality which Delacroixs father Junebug (Paul Mooney) believes is essential for the black American to achieve success. As shown in Extract 2 therefore, when Womack experiences double consciousness, he decides to stop acting in the minstrel show. This scene is significant in that it highlights the self-realization which is made possible only through a double-consciousness. Womack at this particular moment realizes that outside of the character of Sleepn Eat, he is simply invisible, a nobody. Through the eyes of others there is no other possible identity for him. Mantans own identity grows in conflict with that of Womack following this conversation; clearly he is still unaware of the complexities of the disjointed nature of identity in this scene. A few scenes later however, he also becomes afflicted by the same double consciousness experienced by his friend. In Extract 3, after discovering that he has been hoodwinked and led astray, Manray refuses to be further associated to Mantan. He realizes that it is fundamentally wrong to negotiate his identity through the medium of blackface. Although Lee might be suggesting that Manrays realization occurs at too late a time, his message clearly goes in line with Du Boiss (1903) argument that double consciousness is the realization that identity is mu ltifaceted. According to him, at one point or the other, black Americans develop a conflict with the different identities that they need to embody in order to be accepted by the mainstream, a conflict which is inexistent among white Americans. On the other hand, Sloans brother, Julius, who forms part of the Mau Mau revolutionary underground gang and who does not go through double consciousness because of his refusal to be seen through white Americas eyes, is juxtaposed to the blacks who try to assimilate white culture, thereby denying their own roots, language, people, and culture. Julius constantly affirms his black identity, unlike the other blacks we encounter in the film. Extract 4 shows how he refuses to be a representative of de-rooted, disenfranchised blacks. In the perspective of revolutionary blacks such as the Mau Maus therefore, Manray needs to be executed because he is a nuisance to the black community; he is a Judas, an Uncle Tom, one who contributes to the demise of his own race. The murders of Manray and Delacroix show to what extent alienation and double-consciousness can be detrimental to African Americans. They create inter-ethnic conflict and a heavy malaise in the black community. Alienation as an ideol ogical racist discourse therefore divides and rules those who are marginalized in a society that looks on in amused contempt and pity. Through the Mau Mau gang, it can be seen that those who accept and affirm their black identities are ineffective in society. They are in no way in a better state of being than those who experience double-consciousness. Since they do not master the mainstream language and do not believe in the ideological discourses of the inferiority of their race, they are forced to retire to the underground world. The fact that the imposition of history and alienation results in double consciousness in many cases in Bamboozled (2000) is destructive to all. Accepting white essentialism as culturally representable not only creates a fatal division between assimilated and un- assimilated blacks; it also kills the spirit of the black man. V. Conclusion Although the situations and the characters in Lees Bamboozled (2000) are all fictitious, and although the director does not choose the medium of docudrama to convey his important messages, he manages to successfully reconstruct blackface minstrelsy. African Americans have been freed, but only physically. There has been neither a consistent attempt to make up for the mistakes of humanity of the past nor to reshape identities. His argument in Bamboozled (2000) is that the identity dilemmas faced by the characters in the film are no different from the identity issues faced by African Americans in post-racial America. Although blacks do not find themselves as being represented in blackface or as victims of blatant segregation anymore, they are nevertheless always reminded of their blackness, and of what it implies to be a black in America. Whether Lee is genuinely successful in renegotiating a stigmatized identity or in deconstructing stereotypes by dismantling the false normativity of w hite authority remains highly debatable. On the one side, his use of satire and his engagement with the history of racism and representation impact heavily on the audience. However, the frustrating ending of Bamboozled (2000), as well as the inter- ethnic conflict between the revolutionary and the assimilated blacks, display a contaminating and intense sense of helplessness and hopelessness in regards to humanitys chances to ever get rid of the veil which separates whites and blacks in America, as well as in any other parts of the world. Lees message, considering his role as an auteur, seems to reflect Du Boiss words that the black man must not bleach his soul in a flood of white Americanism, for he knows that [his] blood has a message for the world.

Evaluate the effectiveness of China’s one child policy Essay

As China realised the need for modernisation, the one child policy was implemented in June 1979 to achieve three main goals: 1. To address the low per capita GNP by increasing the per capita income to $800. 2. To increase or improve the standard of living. 3. To keep China’s total population size from exceeding 1.2 billion by the year 2000. China recognised the easiest way to achieve these goals was by restricting the population growth. That way, there would be a more likely increase in per capita income. Although several attempts have been previously made to control fertility growth, it was little as effective as it was optional and not many complied. However, China’s one child policy was a completely different matter. By accepting the policy, you were eligible for certain privileges and if you reject it, you’ll have to pay a fine. These regulations helped enforce the one couple, one child idea. The one child policy proved to be a great success in urban China but ineffective in rural China. Regardless of their educational attainment or residence, all women generally desired two children. The one child policy worked best in urban China because of the strong organisation control and social transformations that changed the function of children and reduced the preference for sons. In an urban sample, in both Hebei and Shaanxi, the sex of the first child is insignificant. This lack of sex preference effect was the main ingredient for success of the one child policy. However, this was not the case in rural China where villagers were in favour of traditional preferences for sons. Although the implementation of the one  child policy caused a decline in rural fertility rate from about five to 2.4 children by making farmers realise they needed high quality labourers and not a large number, most rejected the one child certificate. With the majority going on to have a second birth, 22% having a third birth and some having a fourth or fifth birth. These â€Å"hazards† in the one child policy were mainly caused by the first birth being a girl and living with parents in law. But overall, China’s one child policy is an effective means of fertility control, despite the minor violation in rural areas. The failure of the one child policy in rural China may be a blessing in disguise. When the generation of parents of single children reach retirement age, the state will face more financial burdens than it does now. So perhaps the Chinese peasants have saved China from an economic disaster. The current per capita income in China is around $800, the living conditions have definitely improved as most Chinese now enjoy a high standard of living and China’s population by the year 2000 was recorded to be around 1.26 billion which slightly exceeded the set 1.2 billion mark. The one child policy was a success in that it achieved all its set goals. Bibliography Longman Science 3, BILALI BOOT COLELLA HEFFERNAN MILLER, Pearson Education Australia, 2000

HAT task 3 Essay

SARS is known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. SARS was identified in late February 2003 by Dr. Ubani World Health Organization epidemiologist, but the first case of SARS was seen in November 2002 in the Guangdong Province of Southern China. The SARS was particularly seen within the healthcare workers and in their family members. The most of cases were fatal. Due to the unknown respiratory disease and it was spreading fast among people. World Health Organization (WHO) was notified. By the time WHO was involved, there was already 305 cases and five deaths of an unknown disease were reported (Christian, 2003). A medical doctor who was caring infected personnel in Guangdong Province in February 2003 was the source of transmission of the infection. This doctor traveled to Hong Kong and stayed in the hotel at ninth floor for one night. During his stay at the hotel, the virus was spread among the other guests who were staying in the ninth floor of the hotel. From there, these guests a nd visitors implanted outbreaks of cases to the various hospitals of Hong Kong, Vietnam, and Singapore. Concurrently the SARS was spread worldwide by air as infected individuals travel back to their home to United States of America, Canada (Toronto), and other countries of the world. (Christian, 2003). From November 2002- July 2003, there were a total of 8,098 possible cases of SARS were reported to the WHO from 29 different countries. From 8,098 cases, 774 deaths were reported. The ratio’s of mortality was reported to be Singapore was 14%, Hong Kong 17%, France 14%, and Canada 17% (Sars basic fact, â€Å"2012). The SARS epidemic was contained in July 2003. Data SARS is severe respiratory disease, and corona virus causes it. Corona viruses usually related to respiratory disease in some animal kind. Usually SARS has about 4-6 days of the incubation period. The most people started to feel sick within 2-10 days of exposure to the virus. The first primary symptom is high fever then it followed by headaches; generalized weakness and body ache, chills; rigors are common symptoms of the disease. Ten to  twenty percent of patients did experience some diarrhea. The first 2-10 days, patient also experienced nonproductive cough, shortness of breath, and hypoxia as disease progressed. The initial phase of the disease, the chest x-ray, doesn’t show any changes and are negative. As the disease progressed, the chest x-ray shows some interstitial infiltrates this means development of pneumonia. Because of the development of pneumonia, about 15-25% of patients require mechanical ventilation, despite mechanical ventilation half of the patient’ s still die. The risk of dying with SARS increases with advanced age and any other underlying medical condition for example diabetes. The death rate of 10% can increase to 50% in patient’s older than age of 60 (Parashar, 2004). Blood test shows decline in absolute lymphocyte count with normal to low white blood cell count. About 70-90% of patient showed a lymphopenia and 30-50% showed thrombocytopenia throughout peak stage (Parashar, 2004). Liver and renal functions need to monitor closely. The treatment of SARS usually supportive and also depends on the patient’s clinical picture. SARS treatment is usually similar to pneumonia antipyretics for fever, oxygen for hypoxemia, and ventilation in severe cases. There is no known supportive data on the effectiveness of the vaccine or antiviral agents (Trivedi, 2011 P. 1). The epidemiological data on SARS approximated mortality rate between 14-15%. During the epidemic, there were 8098 possible cases of SARS with 774 (9.6%) dea ths reported in different 29 countries (Parashar, 2004). The highest rate of cases was reported in China and Hong Kong. There were also some cases in Taiwan, Singapore, and Canada. Most of patients who got the virus were between 25-70 years of age. There were only few cases under 15 years and younger. The most of people were infected before the global alert was issued. There were only 27 cases of SARS in United States with no deaths. SARS transmission among people was fast and it made difficult to control the outbreak. Early Recognition and initiation of isolation of infected people is necessary. It is also essential to provide information to the infected communities and initiation of a global alert was also helpful to contain the spread of SARS. Route of Transmission Corona virus causes SARS, and it is usually found in some animal kind. Thirty percent of SARS cases were found in people who were handling food. Corona virus is usually spread by close contact with infected respiratory droplets of the sick person. The major mode of transmission is a close person to person contact. An infected person sneezes or coughs in the air and their droplets spread about 3 feet in distance. If a healthy person is standing nearby (about three feet) than the droplets enters into their mucus membranes of the nose, eyes, and mouth. The SARS can be spread by touching an infected object and then touches your nose, eyes, and mouth. The close contact also means sharing your eating or drinking utensils, kissing and hugging, and talking and standing by sick person. There is no evidence data on airborne transmission. The transmission can be prevented by identifying and isolating the infected object. The most important step to stop transmission of any disease is hand hygiene either using alcohol based hand sanitizer or simple hand wash with soap and water. Wearing proper mask is also important since droplets spread SARS. Graphic Representation Effect on Community SARS outbreak had a high effect on communities of all over the world. It did affected communities economically and psychosocially. According to the World Health Organization, airline industries lost business approximated from 30,000 to 140,000 million US dollars. Due to the outbreak people were canceling their flights to Asian countries. Effected communities also suffered psychosocially. Some ethnic groups experienced discrimination and quarantined. The affected communities suffered from fear and anxiety. People stop going out due to the spread of disease. Many schools and borders were closed for a course of time. To decrease stress and anxiety among people education about SARS was given. People were taught about signs and symptoms of the disease and how the disease was spread. Education was also given on how to control infection such as covering mouth or nose during coughing or sneezing, wearing mask at crowded places, using tissues to contain mucus, and the importance of hand washi ng with soap and water. Protocol Every state has a protocol how to report a communicable disease. These protocols help health care provider to prevent the outbreak of a communicable disease. When health care provider finds a case of SARS, the  initial step is to isolate the infected person. The second step is to notify state and county health department about the possible case of SARS. The Center for Disease Control should also be notified about the case. According to the Center for Disease Control, it is mandatory for healthcare worker to report † All persons requiring hospitalization for radio-graphically confirmed pneumonia who report at least one of three risk factors for exposure to SARS-CoV, any clusters of unexplained pneumonia especially among health care workers, and any positive SARS-CoV test results† (â€Å"In the absence,† 2005). The main step for any heath care facility is to arrange for the SARS laboratory test. Once the SARS laboratory test is confirmed, and it is positive in the infected person. The next step is to do further testing of the sick person such as chest x-ray, blood cultures, pulse oximetry, the sputum sample for gram stain and culture, complete blood cell count, influenza A and B test to rule out viral illness, and urine test Legionella and pneumococcal antigen (â€Å"In the absence,† 2005). Sick person should admit as an inpatient and placed on droplet precautions. Family or Friends and any possibly exposed people to the sick person should be notified and assessed for signs and symptoms of the disease. Modification of Care Air quality index (AQI) is used for to monitor the air quality outdoors. The air quality index is used to notify public about the air pollution. It helps the patient who has respiratory illnesses such as asthma, emphysema, bronchitis either acute or chronic, flu or SARS and the old people and pediatric population. These people fall under a sensitive group. According to Environmental Protection Agency, the air quality index scale is 0-500, but in United States it never exceeds above 200 (â€Å"Patient exposure and,† 2014). This is the reason in most of the cases the index is usually shown between 0-300. Increase number of air quality index represents increased air pollution. Air quality index number is 100 or lower is usually decent. If the air quality index is higher than 100, it is not healthy for the sensitive group. Even air quality index of 51 can cause symptoms in people with respiratory problems. Air quality index number of 51 represents moderate air quality. It is essen tial to teach patients about air quality index website www.airnow.gov so they can continue to monitor air quality. The days of poor air quality index, the people who have respiratory problems  should plan to stay home or indoors as much as possible. They should avoid exhausting activities or exercising outdoors. The people should also keep windows and doors closed and keep checking the air quality index and plan their activities accordingly. If the affected person cannot stay inside, he or she should wear a mask before going out. People should be educated about triggers what makes their disease exacerbation, about signs and symptoms of their disease such as Shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing. They should keep their rescue inhalers nearby in case of emergency. It is also necessary to teach them about when and where to get medical attention. Affected people can be benefited from antihistamines, nebulizers, and decongestant. Reference Christian, H. (2003). Sars reference 10/2003. (Third ed., Vol. October, p. 170). Flying publisher. Retrieved from http://www.sarsreference.com In the absence of sars-cov transmission worldwide: Guidance for surveillance, clinical and laboratory evaluation, and reporting version 2. (2005, May 03). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/sars/Surveillance/absence.htm Parashar, U. (2004). Severe acute respiratory syndrome: review and lessons of the 2003 outbreak. International Epidemiological Association, 4(33), 628-634. Retrieved from http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/628.full Patient exposure and the air quality index. (2014, March 12). Retrieved from http://www.epa.gov/o3healthtraining/aqi.html (â€Å"Sars basic fact,† 2012)Sars basic fact sheet. (2012, July 02). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-SARS.html Trivedi, M. N. (2011). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/237755-overview The World Health Organ ization. Retrieved on November 27.2012 http://www. who.int/csr/sars/en